Principle of Management - 1397 Words

Introduction My business club intends to hold a debate competition at the end of the month. I am been selected and the title has given as, â€Å"Managers today should use the democratic style of leadership rather than automatic style.† Before I start this title, I decide to determine both of the style. Democratic Style Democratic style is a platform to create a team to participate in the decision-making process. When an enterprise is making decision, they usually use democratic style in many parts of the business. Therefore, everyone has the opportunity to dedicate ideas to the decision. There are two types of democratic decision-making: 1) Persuasive Democratic Management The leader will makes the decision first and then convinces†¦show more content†¦This management style is mainly exists in the enterprises. As a business the main goal as a whole should be to gain a profit. Democratic leadership can produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time. When using this management style, there is one people making the decision and there is no confusion when during the conception. This also leads to decisions being made more effective and more efficiency. Employees will love this management style in business because they feel involved and a part of the process. Their performance may be rather than in an authoritarian setting, while give them the power to do the work could lead to some rely on other to bear the brunt of the work on the project. Also, it depending on what type of work, employees may feel like the work is being pushed down on them because as a manager you don’t want to do it. Furthermore, when employees are making decisions, this can improve their sense of worth, self-esteem and motivates them to perform better. Decision making process may create advanta ges such as diverse input, the establishment of emotional attachment with the extra effort of employees. This style of leadership is ideal for a leader who hopes to make employees understand the problem that may affect them, and who want the staffs involve in problem solving and decision making. Democratic leadership works well for leaders who have the ability of flexibility and adaptation.Show MoreRelatedPrinciples of Scientific Management1149 Words   |  5 PagesScientific Management is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of processes and to management. Its development began with Frederick Winslow Taylor in the 1880s and 1890s within the manufacturing industries. Taylor was an American mechanical engineer and a management consultant in his later years. He is often calledRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management1337 Words   |  6 Pagesa century ago, Frederick Winslow Taylor’s renowned work The Principles of Scientific Management set forth a theory that to this day is subjected to a similar degree of critique and debate to that in the early 20th century. While Taylor’s ideas were evidently influenced by the works of earlier researchers, it is he who is credited as the â€Å"father† of the scientific management movement (Jeacle, 2004, p. 1164). As such, scientific management itself is synonymous with Taylor to the extent that it is commonlyRead MoreThe Principles Of Scientific Management2994 Words   |   12 PagesIntroduction Good management can be defined as the optimal use of available resources to increase an organisation s efficiency and effectiveness in meeting its objectives (Garg, 2013). Scientific management has been the dominant model for many years, but its usefulness for meeting modern organisational challenges may be limited. This paper examines the principles of scientific management, the degree to which it is applied in contemporary organisations, its utility for addressing modern challengesRead MoreThe Principles of Scientific Management and Its Applications in Modern Day Organizations2456 Words   |  10 PagesThe Principles of Scientific Management and its Applications in Modern Day Organizations Introduction Managers have been continuously trying to figure out the best way to manage the workplace since the start of the industrial revolution. The goal is to maximize production output and minimize cost therefore getting maximized profit while still keeping workers happy and motivated. Different methods have been introduced and tested. But perhaps one of the most influential and popular ideas in managementRead MorePrinciples of Management1252 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Project Principles of Management SWOT Interestingly enough, there are different levels of overlap between my SWOT analysis, and those provided to me by others. There is not a consistent characteristic that appears in every single SWOT, but certain characteristics appear in two or three. The most common strengths that appeared in the SWOTs were leadership, charisma, and empathy. When I was answering the strengths section of the self SWOT, I thought others mentioned generosity, listening andRead MoreThe Principles Of Knowledge Management Principles1200 Words   |  5 PagesKnowledge Management Principles The twelve Knowledge Management Principles are aimed at leading individuals to apply key Army principles to their decisions and incorporate them into the actions that they undertake. Out of these twelve principles, the two that appear to be the most critical would be the first and third principles, which apply to the training of leaders, managers, and champions on knowledge management principles and creating an environment in which collaboration can occur on the basisRead MorePrinciples of Management2084 Words   |  9 Pagespowers by training. The company focuses on balancing between local hiring and international hiring to rise the probability of getting talented and hard workers. Chapter 2: 1. Mr.Hamdoun is a big advocate of efficiency. How might principles of scientific management be useful to LCB? - two of the three scientific methods are the most useful to Mr.Hamdoun. 1. Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. 2. Having a standardized method of doing the job. 2Read MorePrinciple of Management1020 Words   |  5 Pagesskills. The assignment will be graded using the following rubric: Outcomes Assessed  · Explain the principle theories of leadership and motivation, and describe the fundamental considerations in managing and motivating individual and group behavior.  · Use technology and information resources to research issues in management. Grading Rubric for Assignment # 2 – â€Å"Hewitt-Packard Company† Criteria 0 Unacceptable 20 Developing 30 Read MorePrinciples of Management2076 Words   |  9 Pagespowers by training. The company focuses on balancing between local hiring and international hiring to rise the probability of getting talented and hard workers. Chapter 2: 1. Mr.Hamdoun is a big advocate of efficiency. How might principles of scientific management be useful to LCB? - two of the three scientific methods are the most useful to Mr.Hamdoun. 1. Putting the right person on the job with the correct tools and equipment. 2. Having a standardized method of doing the job. 2. How mightRead MorePrinciples of Management1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthere for a little over a year, I wanted to ask these questions. Not to see how different managers felt about specific employees, but to get an overall view of how their jobs as managers directly affected each and everyone s job performance. Management is a science of how an individual works with a group of people, oversees their performance, and tries to effectively and efficiently get them to exceed the goals set forth by the company. It is a science that has guidelines and rules to follow

Near Death Experience free essay sample

It’s occasionally said that human beings are the only creatures who are aware of their own death, but is this actually true? The term death is often used lightly and has been made into something of an unimportant subject. Fact of the matter is that many of us don’t want to think about death, we live in a death denying culture. Few individuals truly grasp the concept of death and how it can distort the lives of the people it comes in contact with. I was among the naive until right before my senior year of High School. I lived a life where I wasn’t worried about the future let alone death; I was worried about the present and what I had now. It started with a girl and ended with a trip down a flight of stairs. My near death experience has tremendously changed the way I live and perceive life, thus defining who I am. Now before I tell you the exact moment of what happen, I have to tell you what lead up to one of the most monumental events of my life. It was breezy but cool early-morning, my parents were bringing me to church to go to a camp in the Adirondacks for a few days. My mom and dad helped me bring my bags to the building and said their final good byes. I approached the church, opening the double doors which revealed a group of my friends talking, laughing, and being excited just as all young kids who are about to go away do. I was chatting with a few of my friends when all of a sudden an announcement came on saying â€Å"Hello kids ggoooooooddddd morning! We know you are all excited to get on way to the camp site but before we do, we need you all to go upstairs to have your bags checked! So me and my friends grabbed our things and proceeded upstairs and continued our excited behavior upstairs. They brought us into the teen center where we waited to leave. There it happened, there I met her, and there I fell in love at first sight. This is where I met the woman who is my girlfriend now for 3 years. When I seen her it was like seeing a woman for a first time. Her beauty seemed like a picture of perfection; her hair was a rich shade of ebony and he r eyes I just drowned in, becoming lost in the beautiful mahogany sea that was her eyes. My boys asked â€Å"Hey man what are you looking at like that?! † and when they looked they too were caught in the tractor beam of her beauty. When I came back around I remembered something and that something was her father who was here on the trip and his name was Mr. Jason! Mr. Jason was a man of great size, to me at the moment he looked like the hulk from the comic book, just without the green skin. Now I’ve known Mr. Jason for little while now as he was my father’s friend, but you know when you’re looking at a man’s daughter, the perception of that man becomes different! I overheard Mr. Jason in a conversation about his daughter. Man: â€Å"So is that’s your daughter with you? † Mr. Jason: â€Å"Yes that is my pride and joy, she only comes to be with me for the Summer! † Man: â€Å"That’s really good man† Mr. Jason: â€Å"Yeah but I see some boys looking at her they better watch themselves! † I became scared, but then she came near me, that’s when all the fear I had turned to confidence. I approached her and talked to her. As we were talking she offered me some gum and that is when I tried to be manly and said â€Å"I don’t believe in girls giving men things† and from that point on we were connected. Fast forward to after the camp. We gave each other our numbers and decided to go the State Fair that was coming up together. I was so excited, I couldn’t think of anything else; until my boss called and gave me my work schedule. All I could think of is â€Å"I can’t go to work, I’m going to go to the State Fair with her. I tried rescheduling with her, but found out that she was leaving the next day early in the morning. I had no choice, a woman like this might not come around again and this was my last time for me to be around her. So I did what any sane man would do I lied to my boss! I told him my family was encountering issues with a flight back home and that I wouldn’t be able to make to work. I proceed to go to the State Fair and have one of the best days of my life unaware what the next day held for me. The next day after having the best day of my life began the longest and most terrifying day of my life. I awoke the next day to my younger brother telling me my mom wanted me. I didn’t question why my mom wanted me, I just began grabbing some clothes to throw on and race up the stairs. I slowly approach the stairs to my parents’ bedroom where I begin to ponder why she wanted me. I turn the corner to see my mom doing her hair. She looked at me through the mirror and she said â€Å"So Dante here’s a funny story your dad just told me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I began to question why she wanted to tell me about a story my dad told her but I continue to listen. She continues by saying â€Å"He drove to Tim Horton’s for breakfast today! † then it hit me â€Å"I was busted!! † She finished the story and then asked why Dante would you do that and she began tell me all this stuff, but for some reason I couldn’t hear it. All I could hear was my thoughts of how I messed up big time, how I was going to lose my job, how I disappointed my parents, and most importantly how I screwed up my life. Suddenly, I began to feel weak and light headed. Next thing I know I blacked out down the stairs. After I blacked out my mom turned around to see me falling back steadily and raced to grab me, but she wasn’t fast enough. As I tumbled down the stairs, my head began bashing against the concrete walls with jagged points all the way until my head met the wooden floor, where I was laid out unconscious. My mom took a second to gather herself after just seeing her son fall down a flight of stairs and now laying out life less in front of her eyes. She came running down the stairs to me as my brothers raced to see what happened. They were met with their mother holding their older brother looking almost dead. They ran in dismay from the scene they just witness to under their bed and outside. My mom called 911 stumbling over her words trying to explain that her son needs help. Soon the ambulance arrived and they loaded me into the ambulance. I always seen ambulances driving past us but never once did I imagine me being in one. I began to come to consciousness in the ambulance. I blinked my eyes but I was still in the darkness I couldn’t escape it, I started trying to get up and yelling for my mom, my dad, anyone who could hear me. I could hear the ambulance man say to mom â€Å"You must calm him! † I heard my mom begin to cry and say â€Å"I am here† then my father said â€Å"I’m here too, what’s going on man? † I told them â€Å"I can’t see anything and I am very scared! † and then I timidly asked â€Å"Am I going to die? All of a sudden the ambulance medic got silent and I could only hear my mom grieving quietly. My father told me â€Å"To just relax†, so I did. I awoke from time to time to hear the people moving me from room to room on the stretcher. Last thing I remember hear was doctors and nurse around me talking to one another about the serious head i njury I received. I awoke slowly getting my vision back to see family and friends surrounding my hospital bed. For a moment, I just sat hoping that everything I just experience was a nightmare but I realized it wasn’t and that I almost died. Everyone began to ask me if I was feeling alright and I slowly tried to get out my bed, when a doctor came running to tell me to stay put and that he would be back. My family just came by me and held me, letting me know everything was ok. The doctor came back and began testing me making sure everything was ok with me. The doctor said â€Å"Dante we just wanted to let you know besides receiving a concussion that you are okay and that luckily the concussion was minor and you will see a therapist for a few months to help any side effects that come with a concussion. For me all I heard was that I was alive and that was all that mattered. From that point on I learned stairs were dangerous but also that I must reevaluate myself and what I stand for and what legacy I will leave in this world when I part. I made it my goal and dream that I would use this one life I have in this world to impact it and the people on here for the better, trying never to disappoint anyone ever again.

Women Essays (667 words) - Bleacher, , Term Papers

Women And Football "Go Mustangs..." she said softly; gritting her teeth and squeezing her soft cotton blanket in her delicate hands. She then looked around the stands at all of the football fans. "Catch that ball!" "What the hell are you doin'?" "Come on, ref! Are you blind?" "Yeah! Go, go, go!" Those were the only sounds that pierced the otherwise impenetrable roar inside the stadium at a college football game. The woman tightened her scarf, and pulled both sides of her wool cap down over her ears. In one motion, she raised her eyebrows and stretched out her neck. She was finally able to see the players on the field over the tall man's head in front of her. Just after the play began, the man jumped up to his feet and yelled something she did not understand. "What does that mean, Hon?" She inquired of her knowledgeable husband. "Oh, he's mad because the quarterback should've opted to pitch the ball to the runningback instead of tryin' to run it himself. Our quarterback's like that, though." He explained as simply as he thought possible. "Oh." She nodded in silent consent, but not complete comprehension. In fact, she was more confused then than she was before she asked. She shrugged her shoulders with a sigh and continued to watch the confusing, violent, loud game with all the enthusiasm she had left. She suddenly felt a tap on her shoulder and hesitantly turned her head around to see the bright-eyed face of an elderly woman with her husband. "The uniforms look nice this year. Don't they dear?" The old woman asked with a big grin on her wrinkled, but friendly, face. "Especially the band; they look so pretty." "Yes. Yes, they do." She agreed without looking, and turned back around as if she had been involved in the football game. Her husband turned to her swiftly. "Watch number eight; he can open-field tackle like a pro." Her husband pointed out in an effort to direct her attention from wherever she was to watching the game. "Which ones are we? Are we in the green or white?" His chin dropped suddenly and his forehead wrinkled up. "We've been watching this game for over an hour and you don't know what team you're rooting for? I don't believe this?" "Sorry. They look all the same to me." "We're the green, the other team is white. They're killin' us right now, but we still have a fighting chance if we can just... Hey, here comes the wave! You gotta get up when the guy comes running by us!" A young student in a bright green shirt ran across the front of the bleachers causing everyone to jump out of their seats and throw their arms up in the cold, foggy air. The student's cheeks glowed bright red and he was out of breath, but he continued to run back and forth to stir the excitement in the fans. When it came time for the woman to stand up, she simply raised her arms in the air, remaining in her seat. The husband fell back into his seat, all the while screaming. When he calmed down he turned to her, cocked his head to one side and scrunched the middle of his forehead together. "How come you didn't stand up for the wave?" "Because I'm cold and I didn't want the blanket to fall on the ground," she explained promptly. "Sorry." "It's alright," he sighed in disappointment. As the woman began looking around again at the fans she noticed one young man that had been looking at her throughout the entire game, as if he were watching her, or wondering what she was thinking. "I'm too paranoid. That's ridiculous," she thought, and returned to her blank stare at the players on the field. The bright lights. The loud band. The noisy fans. The students with their shirts off and faces painted. The smell of nachos and hot dogs. The shaking of the bleachers from stomping feet. The atmosphere is indescribable, yet some people just can't get into it. I don't understand that... but I assume it has something to do with the fact that I don't understand the large crowds at dog shows, either.

Alexander the Great - A Leader essays

Alexander the Great - A Leader essays Alexander "The Great" (356 - 323 B. C.) Alexander was born in 356 B.C. His father was, Philip, the King of Macedonia and his mother was Olympias, daughter of King Neoptolemus I of Epirus (Albania). Philip was very proud of his son Alexander, but they had a very stormy relationship. Philips multiple marriages took a toll on Alexander. Olympias was very jealous and spiteful towards Philip's "lesser" wives. Alexander had a half-sister named Cleopatra (not the famous Egyptian Queen) and a half-brother named Arrhidaeus. Arrhidaeus was brain-damaged, it was rumored that Olympias had given the boy drugs in vengeance and fear for Alexander's inheritance. Philip made sure that Alexander was well educated. He sent for Aristotle to be one of his tutors. Alexander became friends with a boy named Hephaestion, they would remain loyal to each other for life. h He had a thirst for knowledge Philip often left Alexander in charge when he was taken away from Macedonia on business. At the age of sixteen, during one of his father's absences, Alexander led an army to subdue the rebellious "barbarians" (Maedi). He managed to move the Maedi out and renamed the city Alexandropolis, after himself. After this, he became the general of his father's army. During the celebrations for Philip's marriage to his final wife, a falling out occurred between Alexander and his father. The bride's uncle toasted the couple, saying that he hoped that a legitimate heir to the throne would result from the marriage. Alexander became enraged shouting "What about me? Am I a bastard?" and threw a goblet at the uncle. Philip, who was intoxicated, drew his sword and lunged at Alexander. He lost his balance and fell on the floor. ...

Yusef Komunyakaa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Yusef Komunyakaa - Research Paper Example His complex background and unique voice show the power of poetry. Throughout his many years at the craft he has risen to become one of the foremost writers of his age. But his work is far from laudatory. Komunyakaa explores many complex and painful chapters in American life, many reflected through his background. He is not afraid to celebrate what is good, but nor is he unwilling to explore what is darkest and saddest about America. Biography Komunyakaa was born in Louisiana in 1947 into a family that was recently from Africa (Cocola, 211). He joined the army when he was a young man and fought abroad. When he returned to the United States, he began writing poetry and publishing and teaching. Over the years, he has won numerous awards both in the U.S. and internationally. His work takes as one of its major themes the dislocations and traumas of African-American life. It uses many of the techniques of this more traditional style to great effect. From the beginning it was clear that Kom unyakaa was a wilful man who saw himself as different. His original birth-name was James Willie Brown, but he changed it to his grandfather's name when he was young (Pereira, 45). His grandfather had been a stowaway from Trinidad. The poet's experience in Vietnam as an American soldier inform many aspects of his work. The Vietnam War was a difficult time for America. It was a war far from home against a people that Americans knew little about. The draft forced many people who would not normally fight in wars to participate. Back home, protests and riots broke out and brother turned against brother. Civil strife was common. For Komunyakaa this experience was a galvanizing one. But he did not see it through the mainstream lens of White America. He is not like other soldiers as his relationship with his country is more complex due to his ethnicity. He did not feel the same in Vietnam as the other American soldiers; indeed, he felt somewhat at home in the alien land (Cocola, 215). Influ ences and dialogue among writers Yusef Komunyakaa has many influences. Jazz is a key one. In a sense, Komunyakaa sees in jazz the same improvisational and emotive capacity of poetry. He also sees jazz as highly dependent on the blues and other traditions (Komunyakaa and Clytus, 121). But he is more formal than many jazz practitioners. He takes as inspiration the work of the Harlem poet Langston Hughes and even a man as remote as T.S. Eliot. Clearly, his own father is an important influence. In his father, Komunyakaa sees just how far he has come and how much he has accomplished in his years on this planet. While he may occasionally criticize America, Komunyakaa clearly recognizes that only in this country can the son of an illiterate man become a world famous poet. My father could only sign His name, but he'd look at blueprints & say how many bricks Formed each wall. This beautiful ending of a poem shows how Komunyakaa sees his own poetry as a product of accumulation and hard work o ver the years. That no single poem or brick stands alone appears to be the lesson he has taken from his father. Like a cathedral starts with a single brick, so a poem starts with a single line. The poet understands that the line cannot be written without education, without literacy, and so he has sought these things out. Writing theories/ style and technique Komunyakaa's writing theories are at the core of his work. A great example is the poem â€Å"Facing It† is an extraordinary journey through war and memory, and is surely one of Komunyakaa's best. At the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, the poet recalls his own horrifying experiences and is overcome with emotion. He remembers his comrades who have died in the bloody fray and his own complex feelings about the war and his place

Economics Issues Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Issues - Coursework Example Consumers play a key role in perpetuating discrimination in the labor market through their choices and consumption patterns. If consumers prefer one commodity over another, they will lower demand in that labor market in which they do not prefer their goods.  Consumers play a key role in perpetuating discrimination in the labor market through their choices and consumption patterns. If consumers prefer one commodity over another, they will lower demand in that labor market in which they do not prefer their goods.  The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as consumption of a given commodity is increased by an individual while keeping the consumption of other products constant, there will be a decline in the marginal utility of the individual that is derived from the consumption of each and every additional unit of the product. The law of diminishing marginal utility does not contract the notion that individuals always want more of all goods because they are limited by the ir budget constraint hence they cannot acquire all that they want at any given instance.  Properties of indifference curves(a) NonintersectionIndifference curves cannot intersect each other because, at the point of tangency, the curve on the higher side will yield much more of the two commodities as compared to the lower curve hence they can never intersect.  (b) Convexity to the origin(c) The higher the indifference curve, the higher the level of satisfaction. The consumers will prefer to choose higher indifference curves since they aim at maximizing their utility.  (d) Negatively sloping. The indifference curves are negatively sloping because the consumer must give up the consumption of one commodity in order to consume more of the other commodity.  

Genocide in Bosnia Essay Example for Free

Genocide in Bosnia Essay The Bosnian genocide is often referred to as the hidden genocide, yet it had catastrophic effects on humanity. Over 100,000 people were killed and it displaced millions of people. The genocide occurred between 1992 and 1995. The Social Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was made up of six nations under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito. Once Tito passed away in 1990, there was a power vacuum, and politicians began a nationalistic campaign pitting Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks against each other. Hence, the beginning of an â€Å"ethnic cleansing† war (Campbell, 2003 p. 511). Once Milosevic was the President of Republic of Serbia, he encouraged formation of violent uprisings by Serb nationals. Milosevic was interested in creating an ethnically pure Serb nation. Milosevic’s ambition worried the nations in the federal government; hence Croatia and Slovenia declared themselves independent from the republic. However, Croatia was not allowed to leave because it had 12% of the Serbian population. Hence Croatia became a battlefield between 1991- 1996. Bosnia-Herzegovina watched the horrors in Croatia as they worried about themselves being the next victim. Bosnia-Herzegovina held a referendum in 1992 and declared itself free from the republic. The Serbs in Bosnia were not happy about it, and they began fighting with the support of the Yugoslavian National Army. Bosnia and Croatia lacked weapons to defend themselves because the UN had enacted an embargo, thus they were victims of an endless cycle of violence, displacement and death (Schott, 2011 p.19). Serbian plan of attack entailed the following steps; concentration, decapitation, separation, evacuation ad liquidation. During concentration stage, Serbian soldiers would warn Serbians to leave the town they were about to attack and surround the city with artillery fire. The second stage involved execution of the town’s leaders, military and intelligence. On the third stage, Serbian soldiers would separate women, children and old people from â€Å"fighting group†. Women, children and old people would be taken to concentration camps, while the young people were executed. This brings me to the subject of this essay. Women were targeted in specific ways when compa red to men. Unlike, the young male soldiers who were executed, women lived longer to and experience  untold suffering under the Serb soldiers. Women were interchangeably used by soldiers as sexual trophies (Lentin, 1997). This essay analyses the genocide on a gendered frame, so as to shine light on the awful atrocities women faced in the hands of Serbian militia. From a gender frame, sexual violence in war cannot be reduced to psychological attributes of the perpetrators. Genocidal rape has to be analyzed in terms of social structures. Rape in Bosnia was systematic, since it was planned. Bosnian genocide is the only genocide that women bodies were used as a battlefield. This genocide trampled upon all women rights. The Serbian militants lacked respect and sympathy for women. The Yugoslav army, Bosnian Serb forces and Chetniks came up with a sexual violence campaign against Croats and Muslim women. They killed, imprisoned, terrorized and raped women in the hope that they would leave and never come back. The attack on women was not an accident. It was premeditated as a lot of soldiers took part in sexual violence campaign. Th eir commanders were aware of what was going on, and they turned a blind eye. The attackers used the Ram Brana plan of attack (1991). The plan said that successful attacks should be the one carried out on the enemy’s weakest point. The weakest point during wars is usually women and children. By attacking the weakest point, they were able to spread panic and fear in the population hence Croats and Bosnians could only run away for safety (Abreu, 2005 p.5). Since this was an â€Å"ethnic cleansing war†, the Serbian armed forces believed that sexual violence against women was an act of tainting the bloods of the Croats and Bosnians (Allen, 1996 p. 23). Culture and religion played a big part in this war; hence the attackers believed that they were annihilating their culture through sexual violence. The Serbians waged a psychological warfare on their enemies, such that they believed that by raping women, impregnating them and forcefully aborting their fetuses they were cleansing them. The Serbian armed forces also carried out sexual assaults against m en. Serbia, Bosnia and almost all Balkan nations are lawfully heterosexual nations. Hence by raping men, they were degrading them or feminizing them and making them powerless. By raping their victims, the victims were gendered as feminine or attached with feminine qualities of vulnerability. Apart from the psychological effects of sexual violence on women, women faced a lot of physical suffering in the â€Å"rape camps†. The Serbian forces had created rape camps as a substitute for  concentration camps, so that they would use them to sexually violate women. In fact the Serbian forces had a modus operandi for sexually assaulting women (Abreu, 2005 p.11). The modus operandi was characterized by three patterns; public rape of children and women in their villages, sporadic rape of women and children in concentration camps and lastly rape in death/ rape camps. During the three stages women were subjected to all kinds of violence. Women went through gang rapes, sexual mutilations, forced impregnation and childbirth, sexual abuse with foreign objects and family me mbers were forced to rape their women. The extreme sexual violence was meant to defile, destroy the community and to make them leave. It is obvious that the war was motivated by nationalistic intentions, but the way the war was carried out, misogyny is another probable cause of the war. Most atrocities that took place in Bosnia genocide have been termed as â€Å"femicidal† (Turpin 1998 p. 67). Bosnians and Croats have traditional cultures. Women are supposed to be pure, and when they are not pure they are ostracized from the society. After the genocide, women who were victim of sexual violence were avoided. The tainted women were no longer acceptable by their friends and families, and this was the goal of the Serbian perpetrators. This justifies the fact that misogyny could have been another reason for the war. In a gendered frame analysis, it is clear that there was feminization of the genocide (MacKinnon, 2006 p.18). In genocide, women are usually seen as universal victims. Sexual violence against women is seen as a mortal sin against motherhood. The notion of ‘combat’ and battlefields are constructs of masculinity. The Serbian armed forces believed that through sexual violence campaign, they would turn their victims powerless (Femininity) analysis of war is often carried out from a masculine point of view. However, Bosnia genocide is gendered, as it represents women as victims, sexual objects, symbolic of their nation and repositories of their families. The Serbs militia believed that by defiling the women, they would be defiling the nations (Bosnia and Croatia) Collins (1996) attempts to explain genocidal rape from a feminist perspective, he says that women are the ones who hold families and the community. Their physical and emotional destruction through rape is a symbol of destruction of the social and cultural stability of a nation. The sexual violence involved heightened sadism, for instance forceful rape with family members. The sexual violence  aimed at destroying the victims emotionally, destroying the community and imposing restrictions on women so as to control births. The sexual genocide did not only target the individual victim, but it targeted the group too. Rape as a genocide strategy destroys women’s role as mothers and caregivers, hence the pivotal source of the life to the community is destroyed. According to Mc Kinnon (2006, 187), sexual campaign was used by the Serbian military as a tool for political campaign, soldiers were to rape under orders. The sexual violence campaign was characterized by forced rape and forced impregnation. After the Croatian and muslim women were sexually abuse, they were denied abortions so that they would give birth to â€Å"Serb† babies. Forced impregnation was seen as a way of destroying the maternal community as they gave birth to the child of the enemy ( Allen, 1996 p.76). The rapists violated the rights of women through forceful procreation, which is a deliberate and a sadist act. The children of the rapists often stigmatized or abandoned as they brought negative memories to their mothers. The forced pregnancies on rape victims were seen as a way of preventing births among the Croats and Muslims. The perpetrators of rape believed that they were producing â€Å"Little Chetniks†. From a feminist perspective, the act of forced imp regnation is like imposing a social death on the victims. The women were tortured, and they did not want those children. It turned Croatian and Muslim women as gestating beings for the enemy. Stories from the war show a lot of women who recounted how they were raped repeatedly until they were pregnant, and the women wanted nothing to do with the children. Another explanation of forced rape is the fact that rape was used as a tool of biological warfare. Forced rape and impregnation meets the requirement of biological warfare according to international law (Seifet, 1996 p.42). MacKinnon also analyzes Bosnian rape by comparing it with pornography. In the 1990s, pornography was very common in Yugoslavia. When porn is common in a society, the whole population learns to dehumanize women and inflict sexual assault. Pornographic materials provided the need motivation and materials for Serbian forces. In the rape camps, women were ordered to perform for men; in fact some rapes were filmed and sold as pornographic products since they could not be differentiated from actual pornography. The films were even released in the media so as to amass popularity for Bosnian war. The dialogue s in the pornography were used to  implicate Croatian soldiers. According to MacKinnon (2006), sexual violence was used so consciously and cynically in a way that destroyed people. Once pornography was released, more Serbian forces were encouraged to continually assault women. Genocidal rape in Bosnia was seen as an ethno marker. Ethnic markers are things such as dressing, lifestyle and language. The Serbians, Croats and Bosnians had almost similar ethnic markers. Since they were a part of Yugoslavia republic, the ethnic lines had been blurred. Rape was used by the Serbs to act as a moral ethno marker, as it separated them from the Croats and Muslims. They felt that it created cultural superiority of the Serbians. In fact Serbian law was amended to include ethnic rape, and they believed that the differences in ethnicity aggravated the crime. The mass rapes occurred in places where Serbs were a minority when compared to the size of Croats and Muslims (Allen, 1996 p.19). This was a way of asserting their superiority in the region. Sexual violence was also used to socialize new military recruits. Rape isolated the new recruits from the community and prepared them for battlefield. In Bosnia, sexual violence perpetrated by new recruits occurred in front of other soldiers and the victims even know their perpetrators. The Bosnian war was used by the Serbs to renegotiate their relationship with the other Balkan nations. Rape was seen as a way of establishing new boundaries, as they felt that they were the superior ethnic group. From a gender based analysis it is evident that the legal framework did not address the sexual violence against women in Bosnia well (MacKinnon, 2006 p.89). The law blamed the genocide on ethnicity, and disregarded the fact that it was sex based. The Serb military attack on women was premeditated and executed in three stages. The creation of rape camps shows that the intent was sexually based, in as much as it was ethnically motivated. Failure by the law to acknowledge this is a huge set back on women rights. The law perpetuates patriarchy in legal constructs in violation of women rights. Failure to acknowledge it also prevents the law from addressing the genocidal rape adequately. The law is ignoring the existence and horrifying effects of genocidal sexual terrorism to women (Abreu, 2005 p. 16). This is quite cowardly as the law uses ethnicity to cover the severe harm that women suffered in the hands of Serbian militants. The law enables the perpetrators to hide under ethnic crimes, yet they committed more inhumane atrocities. The law usually acknowledges sexual  crimes, but sexual crimes during genocides were only termed as other inhumane acts. This is blatant sex discrimination propagated by the law. In conclusion, analyzing genocide on a gender framed perspective gives various explanations and perspectives on the violence against women in Bosnia. The sexual violence against women in Bosnia genocide is distinct. Many women can recount the horror they went through in the hands of the Serbian perpetrators. The violence against women was planned as a war strategy. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) should recognize genocidal sex terrorism, rather than hiding it under ethnic-based persecutions (Campbell, 2003 p.509). Serbian militants reduced women as a means of achieving their goals for the genocide. Addressing this problem will help the victim feel like they have achieved some semblance of justice, though nothing can compare to what they went through. Genocide sexual terrorism should be acknowledged by the law, and the legal elements regarding it should be outlined. Using a gender frame to analyze genocide helps us learn about the psychological and soc ial reasons for rape during genocides, rather than just saying that they were raped because they belonged to the enemy’s side. References Abreu, Veronica. 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Schott, R. (2011), â€Å"War Rape, Natality and Genocide†, Journal of Genocide Research, 13(1/2): 5-21. Seifert, R., (1996), â€Å"The Second Front: The Logic of Sexual Violence in Wars†, Womens Studies International Forum, 19(1/2): 35–43. Turpin, J. (1998) Many faces: women confronting war in L.A. Lorentzen and J. Turpin (editors) The Women and War Reader. New York: New York University Press.